{
  "source": "USGS (earthquakes), Smithsonian GVP (volcanoes), NOAA/JMA (cyclones), historical disaster records",
  "note": "1900年以降の主要自然災害イベントと主要活火山・高リスク都市。マグニチュードや死者数は代表的な報告値。",
  "lastUpdated": "2026-04",
  "earthquakes": [
    {"name": "サンフランシスコ地震", "year": 1906, "lat": 37.75, "lon": -122.55, "magnitude": 7.9, "deaths": 3000, "country": "米国"},
    {"name": "メッシーナ地震", "year": 1908, "lat": 38.15, "lon": 15.68, "magnitude": 7.2, "deaths": 75000, "country": "イタリア"},
    {"name": "海原地震", "year": 1920, "lat": 36.5, "lon": 105.7, "magnitude": 7.8, "deaths": 273000, "country": "中国"},
    {"name": "関東大震災", "year": 1923, "lat": 35.33, "lon": 139.13, "magnitude": 7.9, "deaths": 142800, "country": "日本"},
    {"name": "古浪地震", "year": 1927, "lat": 37.5, "lon": 102.3, "magnitude": 7.6, "deaths": 40000, "country": "中国"},
    {"name": "北伊豆地震", "year": 1930, "lat": 35.0, "lon": 139.0, "magnitude": 7.3, "deaths": 272, "country": "日本"},
    {"name": "昭和三陸地震", "year": 1933, "lat": 39.25, "lon": 144.67, "magnitude": 8.4, "deaths": 3000, "country": "日本"},
    {"name": "エルズィンジャン地震", "year": 1939, "lat": 39.77, "lon": 39.53, "magnitude": 7.8, "deaths": 33000, "country": "トルコ"},
    {"name": "アシガバード地震", "year": 1948, "lat": 37.95, "lon": 58.38, "magnitude": 7.3, "deaths": 110000, "country": "トルクメニスタン"},
    {"name": "チリ・バルディビア地震", "year": 1960, "lat": -38.24, "lon": -73.05, "magnitude": 9.5, "deaths": 5700, "country": "チリ"},
    {"name": "アラスカ地震", "year": 1964, "lat": 60.91, "lon": -147.34, "magnitude": 9.2, "deaths": 131, "country": "米国"},
    {"name": "アンカシュ地震", "year": 1970, "lat": -9.36, "lon": -78.87, "magnitude": 7.9, "deaths": 70000, "country": "ペルー"},
    {"name": "唐山地震", "year": 1976, "lat": 39.6, "lon": 118.0, "magnitude": 7.5, "deaths": 242000, "country": "中国"},
    {"name": "ミチョアカン地震", "year": 1985, "lat": 18.19, "lon": -102.53, "magnitude": 8.0, "deaths": 9500, "country": "メキシコ"},
    {"name": "スピタク地震", "year": 1988, "lat": 40.99, "lon": 44.19, "magnitude": 6.8, "deaths": 25000, "country": "アルメニア"},
    {"name": "マンジル・ルーダバル地震", "year": 1990, "lat": 36.96, "lon": 49.41, "magnitude": 7.4, "deaths": 50000, "country": "イラン"},
    {"name": "阪神淡路大震災", "year": 1995, "lat": 34.59, "lon": 135.02, "magnitude": 6.9, "deaths": 6434, "country": "日本"},
    {"name": "イズミット地震", "year": 1999, "lat": 40.75, "lon": 29.86, "magnitude": 7.6, "deaths": 17000, "country": "トルコ"},
    {"name": "集集地震", "year": 1999, "lat": 23.77, "lon": 120.98, "magnitude": 7.7, "deaths": 2415, "country": "台湾"},
    {"name": "グジャラート地震", "year": 2001, "lat": 23.42, "lon": 70.23, "magnitude": 7.7, "deaths": 20000, "country": "インド"},
    {"name": "バム地震", "year": 2003, "lat": 29.01, "lon": 58.34, "magnitude": 6.6, "deaths": 26000, "country": "イラン"},
    {"name": "スマトラ沖地震", "year": 2004, "lat": 3.3, "lon": 95.98, "magnitude": 9.1, "deaths": 227898, "country": "インドネシア"},
    {"name": "カシミール地震", "year": 2005, "lat": 34.53, "lon": 73.59, "magnitude": 7.6, "deaths": 86000, "country": "パキスタン"},
    {"name": "四川大地震", "year": 2008, "lat": 31.0, "lon": 103.32, "magnitude": 7.9, "deaths": 87587, "country": "中国"},
    {"name": "ハイチ地震", "year": 2010, "lat": 18.46, "lon": -72.53, "magnitude": 7.0, "deaths": 220000, "country": "ハイチ"},
    {"name": "マウレ地震", "year": 2010, "lat": -36.12, "lon": -72.9, "magnitude": 8.8, "deaths": 521, "country": "チリ"},
    {"name": "東日本大震災", "year": 2011, "lat": 38.3, "lon": 142.37, "magnitude": 9.1, "deaths": 19759, "country": "日本"},
    {"name": "ネパール地震", "year": 2015, "lat": 28.23, "lon": 84.73, "magnitude": 7.8, "deaths": 8964, "country": "ネパール"},
    {"name": "熊本地震", "year": 2016, "lat": 32.78, "lon": 130.73, "magnitude": 7.0, "deaths": 273, "country": "日本"},
    {"name": "イラン・イラク地震", "year": 2017, "lat": 34.91, "lon": 45.96, "magnitude": 7.3, "deaths": 630, "country": "イラン"},
    {"name": "北海道胆振東部地震", "year": 2018, "lat": 42.69, "lon": 141.93, "magnitude": 6.7, "deaths": 44, "country": "日本"},
    {"name": "スラウェシ島地震・津波", "year": 2018, "lat": -0.17, "lon": 119.84, "magnitude": 7.5, "deaths": 4340, "country": "インドネシア"},
    {"name": "トルコ・シリア地震", "year": 2023, "lat": 37.17, "lon": 37.08, "magnitude": 7.8, "deaths": 59000, "country": "トルコ"},
    {"name": "モロッコ地震", "year": 2023, "lat": 31.11, "lon": -8.44, "magnitude": 6.8, "deaths": 2946, "country": "モロッコ"},
    {"name": "能登半島地震", "year": 2024, "lat": 37.5, "lon": 137.27, "magnitude": 7.6, "deaths": 490, "country": "日本"}
  ],
  "volcanoes": [
    {"name": "富士山", "nameEn": "Fuji", "lat": 35.36, "lon": 138.73, "lastEruption": 1708, "vei": 5, "country": "日本", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "桜島", "nameEn": "Sakurajima", "lat": 31.59, "lon": 130.66, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 3, "country": "日本", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "雲仙岳", "nameEn": "Unzen", "lat": 32.76, "lon": 130.3, "lastEruption": 1995, "vei": 3, "country": "日本", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "阿蘇山", "nameEn": "Aso", "lat": 32.88, "lon": 131.1, "lastEruption": 2021, "vei": 2, "country": "日本", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "ベスビオ火山", "nameEn": "Vesuvius", "lat": 40.82, "lon": 14.43, "lastEruption": 1944, "vei": 3, "country": "イタリア", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "エトナ火山", "nameEn": "Etna", "lat": 37.75, "lon": 14.99, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 2, "country": "イタリア", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "ストロンボリ", "nameEn": "Stromboli", "lat": 38.79, "lon": 15.21, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 2, "country": "イタリア", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "サントリーニ", "nameEn": "Santorini", "lat": 36.4, "lon": 25.4, "lastEruption": 1950, "vei": 2, "country": "ギリシャ", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "エイヤフィヤトラヨークトル", "nameEn": "Eyjafjallajokull", "lat": 63.63, "lon": -19.62, "lastEruption": 2010, "vei": 4, "country": "アイスランド", "status": "休止"},
    {"name": "ファグラダルスフィヤル", "nameEn": "Fagradalsfjall", "lat": 63.9, "lon": -22.27, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 2, "country": "アイスランド", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "グリムスヴォトン", "nameEn": "Grimsvotn", "lat": 64.42, "lon": -17.33, "lastEruption": 2011, "vei": 4, "country": "アイスランド", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "ヘクラ", "nameEn": "Hekla", "lat": 63.99, "lon": -19.67, "lastEruption": 2000, "vei": 3, "country": "アイスランド", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "キラウエア", "nameEn": "Kilauea", "lat": 19.42, "lon": -155.29, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 1, "country": "米国", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "マウナロア", "nameEn": "Mauna Loa", "lat": 19.48, "lon": -155.6, "lastEruption": 2022, "vei": 0, "country": "米国", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "セントヘレンズ山", "nameEn": "Mount St. Helens", "lat": 46.2, "lon": -122.18, "lastEruption": 2008, "vei": 5, "country": "米国", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "レーニエ山", "nameEn": "Mount Rainier", "lat": 46.85, "lon": -121.76, "lastEruption": 1894, "vei": 2, "country": "米国", "status": "休止"},
    {"name": "イエローストーン", "nameEn": "Yellowstone Caldera", "lat": 44.43, "lon": -110.67, "lastEruption": -70000, "vei": 8, "country": "米国", "status": "カルデラ"},
    {"name": "ピナツボ山", "nameEn": "Pinatubo", "lat": 15.13, "lon": 120.35, "lastEruption": 1993, "vei": 6, "country": "フィリピン", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "マヨン山", "nameEn": "Mayon", "lat": 13.26, "lon": 123.69, "lastEruption": 2023, "vei": 2, "country": "フィリピン", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "タール火山", "nameEn": "Taal", "lat": 14.0, "lon": 120.99, "lastEruption": 2022, "vei": 3, "country": "フィリピン", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "メラピ山", "nameEn": "Merapi", "lat": -7.54, "lon": 110.44, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 2, "country": "インドネシア", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "クラカタウ", "nameEn": "Anak Krakatau", "lat": -6.1, "lon": 105.42, "lastEruption": 2023, "vei": 2, "country": "インドネシア", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "シナブン山", "nameEn": "Sinabung", "lat": 3.17, "lon": 98.39, "lastEruption": 2021, "vei": 4, "country": "インドネシア", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "タンボラ山", "nameEn": "Tambora", "lat": -8.25, "lon": 118.0, "lastEruption": 1967, "vei": 7, "country": "インドネシア", "status": "休止"},
    {"name": "ニイラゴンゴ", "nameEn": "Nyiragongo", "lat": -1.52, "lon": 29.25, "lastEruption": 2021, "vei": 1, "country": "コンゴ民主共和国", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "エルタアレ", "nameEn": "Erta Ale", "lat": 13.6, "lon": 40.67, "lastEruption": 2023, "vei": 1, "country": "エチオピア", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "カメルーン山", "nameEn": "Mount Cameroon", "lat": 4.21, "lon": 9.17, "lastEruption": 2012, "vei": 2, "country": "カメルーン", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "ヴィラリカ", "nameEn": "Villarrica", "lat": -39.42, "lon": -71.93, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 2, "country": "チリ", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "ジャイマ", "nameEn": "Llaima", "lat": -38.69, "lon": -71.73, "lastEruption": 2009, "vei": 3, "country": "チリ", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "カルブコ", "nameEn": "Calbuco", "lat": -41.33, "lon": -72.62, "lastEruption": 2015, "vei": 4, "country": "チリ", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "コトパクシ", "nameEn": "Cotopaxi", "lat": -0.68, "lon": -78.44, "lastEruption": 2023, "vei": 2, "country": "エクアドル", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "ネバドデルルイス", "nameEn": "Nevado del Ruiz", "lat": 4.89, "lon": -75.32, "lastEruption": 2023, "vei": 2, "country": "コロンビア", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "ポポカテペトル", "nameEn": "Popocatepetl", "lat": 19.02, "lon": -98.63, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 3, "country": "メキシコ", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "フエゴ", "nameEn": "Fuego", "lat": 14.47, "lon": -90.88, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 3, "country": "グアテマラ", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "スフリエールヒルズ", "nameEn": "Soufriere Hills", "lat": 16.72, "lon": -62.18, "lastEruption": 2013, "vei": 3, "country": "モントセラト", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "ホワイトアイランド", "nameEn": "Whakaari", "lat": -37.52, "lon": 177.18, "lastEruption": 2019, "vei": 2, "country": "ニュージーランド", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "ルアペフ山", "nameEn": "Ruapehu", "lat": -39.28, "lon": 175.57, "lastEruption": 2007, "vei": 2, "country": "ニュージーランド", "status": "活動的"},
    {"name": "クリュチェフスカヤ", "nameEn": "Klyuchevskaya", "lat": 56.06, "lon": 160.64, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 3, "country": "ロシア", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "シベルチ", "nameEn": "Sheveluch", "lat": 56.65, "lon": 161.36, "lastEruption": 2024, "vei": 4, "country": "ロシア", "status": "継続噴火"},
    {"name": "フンガ・トンガ", "nameEn": "Hunga Tonga", "lat": -20.55, "lon": -175.38, "lastEruption": 2022, "vei": 6, "country": "トンガ", "status": "活動的"}
  ],
  "cycloneBasins": [
    {"name": "北西太平洋（台風）", "nameEn": "Northwest Pacific (Typhoon)", "centerLat": 15, "centerLon": 140, "radiusKm": 3500, "peakSeason": "7-10月", "avgStormsPerYear": 26, "note": "世界最多。台湾・フィリピン・日本・中国東岸を襲う"},
    {"name": "北大西洋（ハリケーン）", "nameEn": "North Atlantic (Hurricane)", "centerLat": 20, "centerLon": -60, "radiusKm": 3000, "peakSeason": "8-10月", "avgStormsPerYear": 14, "note": "カリブ諸国・米国メキシコ湾岸・フロリダが主要上陸地"},
    {"name": "北東太平洋（ハリケーン）", "nameEn": "Eastern Pacific (Hurricane)", "centerLat": 15, "centerLon": -115, "radiusKm": 2500, "peakSeason": "6-11月", "avgStormsPerYear": 16, "note": "メキシコ西岸を中心に発生"},
    {"name": "北インド洋（サイクロン）", "nameEn": "North Indian Ocean (Cyclone)", "centerLat": 15, "centerLon": 85, "radiusKm": 2000, "peakSeason": "4-12月", "avgStormsPerYear": 5, "note": "発生数は少ないが高密度地域を襲い死者多数"},
    {"name": "南西インド洋（サイクロン）", "nameEn": "South-West Indian Ocean", "centerLat": -15, "centerLon": 70, "radiusKm": 2500, "peakSeason": "11-4月", "avgStormsPerYear": 9, "note": "マダガスカル・モザンビークに被害"},
    {"name": "オーストラリア・南太平洋", "nameEn": "Australian/South Pacific", "centerLat": -18, "centerLon": 160, "radiusKm": 3000, "peakSeason": "11-4月", "avgStormsPerYear": 11, "note": "豪州北部・フィジー・バヌアツを襲う"}
  ],
  "disasterCities": [
    {"name": "東京", "nameEn": "Tokyo", "lat": 35.68, "lon": 139.76, "population": 37400, "hazards": ["地震", "津波", "台風", "火山"], "riskScore": 9.5, "note": "首都直下地震・南海トラフ・富士山噴火の複合脅威"},
    {"name": "ジャカルタ", "nameEn": "Jakarta", "lat": -6.2, "lon": 106.82, "population": 34540, "hazards": ["洪水", "地震", "火山", "地盤沈下"], "riskScore": 9.2, "note": "地盤沈下で首都移転が決定。年7cm沈下"},
    {"name": "マニラ", "nameEn": "Manila", "lat": 14.6, "lon": 120.98, "population": 24670, "hazards": ["台風", "地震", "火山", "洪水"], "riskScore": 9.4, "note": "タール火山・西バレー断層・年20個の台風"},
    {"name": "ダッカ", "nameEn": "Dhaka", "lat": 23.77, "lon": 90.38, "population": 23210, "hazards": ["洪水", "サイクロン"], "riskScore": 8.8, "note": "ガンジス・ブラマプトラ三角州の低地"},
    {"name": "ムンバイ", "nameEn": "Mumbai", "lat": 19.08, "lon": 72.88, "population": 21670, "hazards": ["洪水", "サイクロン", "地震"], "riskScore": 8.3, "note": "モンスーン洪水と海面上昇リスク"},
    {"name": "コルカタ", "nameEn": "Kolkata", "lat": 22.57, "lon": 88.36, "population": 15330, "hazards": ["サイクロン", "洪水"], "riskScore": 8.0, "note": "ベンガル湾サイクロン進路上"},
    {"name": "大阪", "nameEn": "Osaka", "lat": 34.69, "lon": 135.5, "population": 19280, "hazards": ["地震", "台風", "津波"], "riskScore": 8.5, "note": "南海トラフ地震の想定被害額最大都市"},
    {"name": "イスタンブール", "nameEn": "Istanbul", "lat": 41.02, "lon": 28.98, "population": 15840, "hazards": ["地震"], "riskScore": 8.7, "note": "北アナトリア断層が目の前。M7クラス確率70%"},
    {"name": "テヘラン", "nameEn": "Tehran", "lat": 35.69, "lon": 51.42, "population": 9530, "hazards": ["地震"], "riskScore": 8.6, "note": "モシャ断層・北テヘラン断層の直上"},
    {"name": "メキシコシティ", "nameEn": "Mexico City", "lat": 19.43, "lon": -99.13, "population": 22280, "hazards": ["地震", "火山"], "riskScore": 8.4, "note": "湖底堆積物で地震増幅。ポポカテペトルも70km"},
    {"name": "リマ", "nameEn": "Lima", "lat": -12.05, "lon": -77.04, "population": 11200, "hazards": ["地震", "津波"], "riskScore": 8.5, "note": "ナスカ・南米プレート沈み込み帯"},
    {"name": "サンティアゴ", "nameEn": "Santiago", "lat": -33.45, "lon": -70.67, "population": 6800, "hazards": ["地震"], "riskScore": 7.8, "note": "チリ型プレート境界。2010年M8.8経験"},
    {"name": "ロサンゼルス", "nameEn": "Los Angeles", "lat": 34.05, "lon": -118.24, "population": 12450, "hazards": ["地震", "山火事"], "riskScore": 8.3, "note": "サンアンドレアス断層。The Big One懸念"},
    {"name": "サンフランシスコ", "nameEn": "San Francisco", "lat": 37.77, "lon": -122.42, "population": 4700, "hazards": ["地震"], "riskScore": 8.2, "note": "ヘイワード断層・サンアンドレアス断層が両側"},
    {"name": "マイアミ", "nameEn": "Miami", "lat": 25.76, "lon": -80.19, "population": 6280, "hazards": ["ハリケーン", "洪水", "海面上昇"], "riskScore": 8.6, "note": "海抜2m。21世紀末に水没予測"},
    {"name": "ニューオーリンズ", "nameEn": "New Orleans", "lat": 29.95, "lon": -90.07, "population": 1270, "hazards": ["ハリケーン", "洪水"], "riskScore": 8.0, "note": "カトリーナ以降の堤防強化も海面下の都市"},
    {"name": "ヒューストン", "nameEn": "Houston", "lat": 29.76, "lon": -95.37, "population": 7170, "hazards": ["ハリケーン", "洪水"], "riskScore": 7.7, "note": "ハーベイ2017年で大水害"},
    {"name": "ニューヨーク", "nameEn": "New York", "lat": 40.71, "lon": -74.01, "population": 18820, "hazards": ["ハリケーン", "洪水", "海面上昇"], "riskScore": 7.5, "note": "サンディ2012年で浸水"},
    {"name": "ナポリ", "nameEn": "Naples", "lat": 40.85, "lon": 14.27, "population": 3090, "hazards": ["火山", "地震"], "riskScore": 9.0, "note": "ベスビオ12km・カンピフレグレイ大カルデラの上"},
    {"name": "カトマンズ", "nameEn": "Kathmandu", "lat": 27.72, "lon": 85.32, "population": 1460, "hazards": ["地震"], "riskScore": 8.8, "note": "ヒマラヤ衝突帯。2015年M7.8経験"},
    {"name": "台北", "nameEn": "Taipei", "lat": 25.03, "lon": 121.57, "population": 7480, "hazards": ["地震", "台風"], "riskScore": 8.3, "note": "フィリピン海プレート境界。毎年台風直撃"},
    {"name": "上海", "nameEn": "Shanghai", "lat": 31.23, "lon": 121.47, "population": 28520, "hazards": ["台風", "洪水", "海面上昇"], "riskScore": 7.4, "note": "長江河口デルタで地盤沈下も進行"},
    {"name": "北京", "nameEn": "Beijing", "lat": 39.9, "lon": 116.4, "population": 21540, "hazards": ["地震", "洪水"], "riskScore": 6.8, "note": "華北平野の断層帯。1976年唐山の教訓"},
    {"name": "イスラマバード", "nameEn": "Islamabad", "lat": 33.68, "lon": 73.05, "population": 1220, "hazards": ["地震"], "riskScore": 8.4, "note": "ヒマラヤ衝突帯。2005年M7.6"},
    {"name": "ウェリントン", "nameEn": "Wellington", "lat": -41.29, "lon": 174.78, "population": 420, "hazards": ["地震", "津波"], "riskScore": 8.7, "note": "3断層が市街直下。南海トラフ級プレート境界"},
    {"name": "クライストチャーチ", "nameEn": "Christchurch", "lat": -43.53, "lon": 172.64, "population": 380, "hazards": ["地震"], "riskScore": 8.2, "note": "2011年M6.3で185名死亡。液状化顕著"},
    {"name": "ポルトープランス", "nameEn": "Port-au-Prince", "lat": 18.59, "lon": -72.31, "population": 2770, "hazards": ["地震", "ハリケーン"], "riskScore": 9.1, "note": "2010年22万人死亡。建築基準なき脆弱都市"},
    {"name": "カラカス", "nameEn": "Caracas", "lat": 10.48, "lon": -66.9, "population": 2940, "hazards": ["地震", "土砂災害"], "riskScore": 7.5, "note": "エルピラル断層の直上"},
    {"name": "アンカレッジ", "nameEn": "Anchorage", "lat": 61.22, "lon": -149.9, "population": 290, "hazards": ["地震", "津波"], "riskScore": 8.1, "note": "1964年M9.2の被災地"},
    {"name": "神戸", "nameEn": "Kobe", "lat": 34.69, "lon": 135.2, "population": 1520, "hazards": ["地震", "津波"], "riskScore": 8.2, "note": "1995年阪神淡路の被災地"}
  ]
}